Đề ôn thi Đề thi vào lớp 10 Trường Phổ thông Năng khiếu môn Tiếng Anh - Mã đề PTNK-02

The Earth's rocks are in a constant state of change. This slow and continuous process, known as the rock cycle, describes how rocks are created, broken down, and reformed over millions of years. The (21) __________ of a rock from one type to another is driven by various geological forces. The three main types of rock—igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic—are all connected through this incredible cycle, each one capable of turning into another.

The cycle often begins with igneous rock, which is formed from magma. This melted rock, or magma, can rise to the surface during a volcanic eruption, where it is called lava. As the lava cools, it solidifies into solid rock. Granite and basalt are common examples of igneous rocks, formed from the cooling of molten material either deep within the Earth's crust or on its surface.

Over time, weathering and erosion break down all types of rock into smaller pieces called sediments. These sediments are transported by wind and water and deposited in layers. (22) __________, which is called lithification, gradually cements these layers together. Only through immense pressure (23) __________ these tiny particles become a single, solid rock. Sandstone and limestone are well-known types of sedimentary rock.

Any rock type, including igneous and sedimentary, can become a metamorphic rock if it is subjected to intense heat and pressure deep within the Earth. The original rock does not melt but instead its minerals undergo a transformation, changing its structure and appearance. Metamorphic rocks are often denser and harder than the original rocks from which they were formed. For example, limestone can be transformed into marble.

(24) __________, the rock cycle demonstrates that rocks are not static but are constantly being changed and recycled. An igneous rock can be eroded into sediment, which forms sedimentary rock, which can then be changed by pressure into metamorphic rock, and this rock might eventually melt to become magma again. The cycle has no beginning and no end, illustrating the dynamic nature of our planet.

The digital age has revolutionized how we connect, breaking down geographical barriers and allowing friendships to blossom across continents. It’s exciting to meet people from diverse backgrounds, sharing interests from gaming to specific hobbies. From social media platforms to niche online forums, the internet offers endless opportunities to expand your social circle. However, this vast interconnectedness, while offering immense benefits, also introduces a complex layer of uncertainty regarding who you are truly interacting with. [I]

Unlike face-to-face interactions where non-verbal cues and shared physical spaces help build trust, online relationships often lack these crucial elements. [II] The person you believe is a friendly peer from a gaming community could, in reality, be someone entirely different, perhaps older, with intentions far removed from genuine friendship. [III] They might present a fabricated persona, making it challenging to discern sincerity from deception. [IV]

This deceptive reality isn't just theoretical; it's a tangible threat with real-world consequences. Law enforcement in cities like Ho Chi Minh City frequently warn about sophisticated online scams. These schemes often involve criminals patiently building trust over weeks, posing as a sympathetic friend or romantic partner. Once a deep emotional connection is established, they exploit this fabricated bond, often by creating a fake crisis or lucrative opportunity, to solicit money or personal information, leaving victims vulnerable.

For teenagers, navigating online communities can be particularly tricky. You might spend hours in online games with teammates who feel like friends, or chat on Discord servers. These platforms are fantastic for connecting with like-minded individuals, but distinguishing between a fun online acquaintance and a true friend is crucial. Sharing your real name, school, address, or too much about your daily routine with an online ‘friend’ can inadvertently make you a target. The friendly gamer might be gathering information for malicious purposes.

While the internet provides incredible avenues for connection, adopting a cautious and critical mindset is paramount. Always remember that not everyone online has your best interests at heart. Treat personal information as highly sensitive data, and never share anything with an online acquaintance that you wouldn't tell a stranger. If something feels off, or if an online 'friend' asks for money or highly personal details, it’s a clear red flag. Protecting yourself online means prioritizing safety over perceived popularity, ensuring your digital interactions remain positive and secure.