Đề ôn thi Đề thi vào lớp 10 Trường Phổ thông Năng khiếu môn Tiếng Anh - Mã đề PTNK-100

Millions of years ago, before the time of dinosaurs, the Earth was covered with vast, dense forests and humid swamps. The climate was warm and wet, perfect for plant growth. The long and complex process to create the coal we use today (21) __________ not happen in a modern environment; it required these specific ancient conditions. This period, known as the Carboniferous Period, provided the essential raw materials for one of the world's most important energy sources.

When these giant plants and ferns died, they fell into the swampy, oxygen-poor water. Because there was little oxygen, the plant matter did not fully decompose. Instead, it slowly accumulated in thick layers. Over thousands of years, this organic material was compacted into a dense, dark substance called peat. This material was the essential first step in coal's long journey from plant to rock.

Over geological time, the landscape changed. Seas and rivers flowed over these ancient swamps, depositing heavy layers of sand, clay, and rock on top of the peat. This buried the peat deeper and deeper under the surface of the Earth, sealing it off from the air completely. The weight of these new layers was immense, squeezing the water out of the peat.

As more layers built up, the peat was pushed even further down. The deeper it went, the greater the pressure became. This extreme pressure, along with heat rising from the Earth's core, began to (22) __________ a change in the chemical and physical structure of the peat. Not until millions of years had passed was the transformation from soft peat to hard, black rock finally complete.

(23) __________, different types of coal were formed depending on how much heat and pressure were applied. For example, anthracite, the hardest coal, was created under the most extreme conditions. (24) __________, the journey from a living plant to a lump of coal is a remarkable story of geological transformation, powered by time, pressure, and heat.

In our increasingly digital world, social media platforms and online gaming have become central to how we connect and play. This omnipresence, however, also makes personal accounts prime targets for cybercriminals. From identity theft to financial fraud, hackers constantly devise new ways to compromise online access, creating a global challenge. While the threat is universal, certain user groups and regions, like Vietnam, face elevated risks, becoming particularly attractive targets for these malicious actors. [I]

Among the most heavily targeted online assets are Vietnamese Facebook and popular game accounts, such as those on Garena. Cybersecurity firms like Bkav frequently issue urgent warnings about sophisticated phishing scams and malware campaigns. These are specifically designed to trick Vietnamese users into divulging login credentials. [II]

[III] These cyberattacks often employ deceptive tactics. Phishing messages, disguised as official notifications or tempting game offers, direct users to fake login pages. Malware, hidden in seemingly harmless files, can silently record keystrokes or steal data. Social engineering also manipulates individuals into revealing sensitive information. For a 14-15 year old, whose online accounts are central to their social life and hobbies, falling victim to such a scam can be incredibly distressing and disruptive.

The consequences of losing an account to a hacker extend far beyond mere inconvenience. Imagine being locked out of your social circle, unable to chat with friends or access your beloved game progress. Hacked accounts are often used to spread further scams to your friends and family, compromising their security and trust. This digital invasion can lead to emotional distress, potential financial loss if linked to payment methods, and damage to one’s online reputation, highlighting how intertwined our digital and real lives have become. [IV]

Protecting your online accounts is a vital life skill in the digital age. Always use strong, unique passwords for each platform and enable two-factor authentication (2FA) wherever possible; this adds an essential second layer of security. Be extremely cautious about clicking on suspicious links or downloading files from unknown sources, even from friends. Regularly update your software and use reliable antivirus programs. By adopting these proactive measures, you can significantly reduce your risk and keep your cherished online presence secure.