Đề ôn thi Đề thi vào lớp 10 Trường Phổ thông Năng khiếu môn Tiếng Anh - Mã đề PTNK-102

A landslide is the movement of rock, debris, or earth down a sloped section of land, pulled by the force of gravity. But what can (21) __________ such a powerful event? The answer is not always simple, as several factors often combine to create the perfect conditions for the ground to suddenly move. These events can happen slowly over time or very quickly without any warning.

One of the most common causes is water. When there is too (22) __________ rain over a short period, the ground becomes saturated. This means the soil absorbs so much water that it becomes heavy and unstable. (23) __________ this added weight, the natural friction that holds the soil particles together is significantly reduced, making the entire slope weak and vulnerable to collapse.

Geological forces like earthquakes are another significant cause. The intense shaking from an earthquake can violently disturb a slope, causing large amounts of rock and soil to break loose and slide down. The resulting mixture of earth, rock, and other materials is known as debris. Other events, such as volcanic eruptions, can melt snow and ice rapidly, creating fast-moving mudflows that carry heavy debris for many kilometers.

However, natural forces are not the only culprits. Human activities often increase the risk of landslides. For example, construction projects on or at the bottom of steep slopes can change water drainage patterns. An earthquake, (24) __________ might otherwise be harmless, could become the final push that causes a weakened hillside to collapse. Deforestation also removes the tree roots that bind the soil together.

Ultimately, gravity is the force that pulls everything downward. When the soil and rock on a slope can no longer resist this constant pull, they give way and begin to slide. Understanding these triggers is the first step towards predicting where landslides might occur. Through careful monitoring and responsible land management, the danger to communities living in high-risk areas can be reduced, potentially saving many lives.

For many young people today, headphones are an essential accessory. Whether you're commuting to school, studying, or simply unwinding, the world of music, podcasts, and games often comes directly to your ears. They offer a personal soundtrack to your life, a way to escape or focus. But while these devices bring immense convenience and entertainment, a silent threat lurks in the volume dial. The choices you make now about how loud you listen could have a profound and irreversible impact on your hearing for the rest of your life. [I]

This isn't just a hypothetical concern; it's a global health warning. The World Health Organization (WHO) has sounded the alarm, estimating that over a billion young people worldwide are at risk of permanent hearing loss, primarily due to unsafe listening practices with personal audio devices. Our ears contain delicate hair cells that convert sound vibrations into electrical signals for our brain. Excessive volume can damage or destroy these cells, and unlike other parts of your body, they don't regenerate. [II]

Here in Vietnam, this risk is particularly visible. Walk down any bustling street in Hanoi or ride a bus through the vibrant chaos of Ho Chi Minh City, and you’ll see countless teenagers with headphones. Often, the reason for cranking up the volume isn't just for a better beat; it's to drown out the constant din of motorbikes, street vendors, and urban noise. This habit, while understandable, significantly amplifies the danger to your hearing. [III]

The consequences of consistently listening at high volumes aren't immediate, but they are cumulative and permanent. You might not notice it now, but years of unsafe listening can lead to tinnitus – a constant ringing in your ears – or significant hearing impairment. [IV] Experts recommend the '60/60 rule': listen at no more than 60% volume for no more than 60 minutes at a time, taking breaks. Noise-cancelling headphones can also help by reducing the need to turn up the volume.

Your hearing is a precious sense that connects you to the world around you. It allows you to enjoy your favorite music, understand conversations, and experience the richness of everyday sounds. While the allure of loud music can be strong, remember that the power to protect your hearing lies directly in your hands. A few conscious choices today – turning down the volume, taking regular breaks, and being mindful of your environment – can ensure you continue to enjoy a lifetime of sound, without regret. Make the choice to listen safely.