Đề ôn thi Đề thi vào lớp 10 Trường Phổ thông Năng khiếu môn Tiếng Anh - Mã đề PTNK-168

Suspension bridges are masterpieces of engineering, famous for their elegant design and ability to span vast distances like wide rivers or bays. But how do these massive structures stay up? The secret lies in a clever distribution of forces. At its most basic, (21) __________ suspension bridge works by hanging the road from cables, which then transfer the weight to towers and finally to the ground.

The process begins with the road itself, which is called the deck. This deck is where cars and people travel. The weight of the deck, and everything on it, is supported by hundreds of vertical steel cables called suspenders. These suspenders are connected directly to the deck, and they hang down from the main, much larger cables above.

The main cables are the most critical components. They stretch from one end of the bridge to the other, passing over the tops of two tall towers. All the weight from the suspender cables is transferred to these main cables, pulling on them and creating an immense force called tension. Therefore, these cables are made from thousands of individual steel wires bundled together for maximum strength. (22) __________ the weight from the deck upwards into the main cables is the first major step in distributing the load safely.

Next, the main cables are draped over the towers. The towers' job is to (23) __________ the cables and transfer the load down to the earth. While the cables are under tension (a pulling force), the towers are under compression (a squeezing force). They must be strong enough to support the weight from the cables and push it directly into their foundations in the ground. If the main cables (24) __________, the entire structure would immediately collapse, showing how vital their connection is.

Finally, at each end of the bridge, the main cables are secured into massive concrete blocks called anchorages, which are buried deep in the ground. These anchorages are the backbone of the entire system, resisting the pull of the cables and keeping everything stable. An engineer once explained that the delicate balance between tension and compression was the secret to a suspension bridge's long-lasting success.

Globally, music genres often begin as niche, underground movements before exploding into mainstream popularity. Rap and hip-hop are prime examples of this evolution. Originating from specific communities and expressing unique cultural narratives, these genres initially thrived in independent circles, sharing raw energy and distinctive sounds. Over decades, their infectious beats, compelling lyrics, and powerful storytelling resonated with wider audiences, transforming them from a subcultural phenomenon into a dominant force in popular music, shaping and influencing youth culture worldwide. [I]

[II] For years, it existed largely in the shadows, a passionate yet small subculture removed from the national spotlight. Dedicated artists honed their craft in intimate cyphers, released tracks online, and performed in dimly lit clubs, building a tight-knit community. This era was characterized by an independent spirit, where authenticity and lyrical prowess were highly valued, a scene feeling like a closely guarded secret shared among a select few. [III]

The turning point for Vietnamese rap arrived dramatically with the debut of reality TV shows like "Rap Việt." This groundbreaking program propelled local rappers from obscurity into national superstardom almost overnight. Artists who were once underground legends suddenly appeared on prime-time television, reaching millions of households nationwide. "Rap Việt" showcased their immense talent, demystified the genre, and made it widely accessible and appealing to a broad demographic, from teenagers to older generations. [IV]

This rapid shift to the mainstream brought profound changes. It opened doors to unprecedented opportunities: larger venues, lucrative brand deals, and professional studio access. Rap was validated as a legitimate art form, inspiring new artists. However, mainstream success also presented challenges. The pressure to produce commercially viable hits and adapt to broader expectations sometimes clashed with the raw authenticity of its underground roots. Debates about "selling out" and artistic integrity became common themes.

For many 14-15 year olds today, this journey is more than just a historical account; it's about the music and artists you admire. The rappers you follow are now household names, their songs defining a significant part of your cultural landscape. The story of Vietnamese rap moving from the underground to the mainstream serves as a compelling example of how subcultures evolve, adapt, and influence broader society. It highlights the dynamic nature of art and culture, showing how authenticity can attract mass appeal, and how new sounds reshape national identity.